The Many Faces Of Socialism - 1314 Words

The Many Faces of Socialism Socialism has worn many faces throughout history, some good and helpful, others harsh and controlling. Socialism has been an important political and economic idea since the early eighteenth century; It has gained popularity from the underlying idea that the government, market, and social systems should benefit the people not large corporations. Socialism is the idea that a state s economy and society should be run democratically and should meet the needs of the people, not make profits for the rich (What is Democratic Socialism? QA.). Core focuses of socialism are: to create the best conditions for the free, rational, and active person, the destruction of idols, and meeting the natural needs of men (Fromm). There are many different types of political and economic society theories including: commercial, capitalism, Marxism, socialism, democratic socialism, nazism, and communism. A commercial society is defined by its private property, production, and regu lation of manufacturing by private contract (Schumpeter). The bourgeois must rule with a non-bourgeois team as a partner (Schumpeter). A commercial society is not the same as capitalism, rather it is an alternative to socialism (Schumpeter). Communism has long been a category that many radical socialists are grouped into (What is Democratic Socialism? QA.). Socialists oppose the ruling parties of communist states because they do not believe that improvement comes throughShow MoreRelatedCapitalism And The United States1549 Words   |  7 Pages but others believe that ideologies like â€Å"socialism† work better. Socialism is having the production, distribution, and exchange of products regulated by a community as a whole. In countries such as China, socialism has been on the rise and is working very effectively. China is right under the US for having the second highest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world and is expected to pass the US by 2030. (Statistics) Besides capitalism and socialism, there are other ideologies, including communismRead MoreEssay on The Causes of the Collapse of the USSR1349 Words   |  6 Pagesinheriate incapibility of socialism to sufficiently maintain a productive and prosperous economy in the face of a rapidly changing form of capitalism. After WWII, the world saw a change in modern capitalism that proved both successful and popular. In the face of this surgent prosperity, USSR’s economy found itself unproductive and wholly lagging western growth. Behind this backdrop occurred the realization of the need to reform and revitalize socialism within USSR. 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There Five Major Learning Types. - 1537 Words

There are five major types of learning theories. These five theories are; social learning theory, cognitive development theory, progressive education and other philosophies, social development theory, and attribution theory. Each one a different idea on learning and a different way it can be used in the classroom. The first of these theories is social learning. This meaning a student learns the context threw social interaction. Through group activities the lessons are taught. Also learning through other forms of public activities. All the while the student is receiving feedback and suggestions not only from the teacher but from his or hers peers as well. When talking about social learning there are quite a few different things†¦show more content†¦When each student had completed each assignment binds them together in a book and share them with the class. Have each student pick a location they thought was interesting and right a review. This would teach each student about many different locations while showing them the actually research a person would do if they wanted to take a vacation to a foreign place. Lee Vygostky believed that social interaction always precedes development. Unlike Jean Piaget, Vygostky thought that each person went through each stage two times. That everyone went first through the stages socially, later by themselves on their own level. He also believed that students should play an active role in the learning experience. This actually promotes learning between both the teacher and the student. It gives the student a chance to share his or hers knowledge with others instead of always be taught. This h elps with the students themselves teaching each other to an extent. By exchanging and sharing their knowledge. In the class room we can set up many activities to express this learning style. 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Do Family Friendly Policies Hurt Men Free Essays

But as companies add these benefits, some male employees ( and some childless women as well) have complained that the company Is spending money on benefits that flow to some workers at the expense ( at least theoretically) of others. Some men have even complained that fathers don’t get assistance with child care or an opportunity to bring their babies to work. In fact, In the united States, companies do have to extend the same benefits to fathers as to mothers (except, of course, that if a mother is disabled after childbirth, she is the one who gets the usability benefit). We will write a custom essay sample on Do Family Friendly Policies Hurt Men? or any similar topic only for you Order Now But men note that it is women who are more likely to use these benefits, even though studies show that men are experiencing more work- life conflict than male workers did a few decades ago. And as more pregnant women stay on the job, the disparity is as obvious as the bulging bellies. The best way to distribute the cost and benefits of flexibility is to offer to every employee that may need it. Also the ones who It don’t need the benefit of flexibility, give them a longer break for lunch or give rewards to keep the employees up to speed. 2. Do employee benefits have to be used equally In order for them to be fair or ethical? Why or why not? If you were In the HER department of a company where some employees were unhappy about this Issue, how would you recommend that the many address It? Now if I understand this right, I believe that if the benefits were equally given to all employees and not just women with children, I believe this would be fair and ethical. Instead of being equally used, I believe all the employees should have access to all the benefits of the company. If I was in the HER department, I would say that all the TTS snow a De offer to can employee. ASK around Ana get ten employees involved and see what is most needed. Finally, find ways that would benefit both men and women. How to cite Do Family Friendly Policies Hurt Men?, Essays

Problems Faced by International Students free essay sample

Every year there are around 435,000 international students enrolled in universities around the UK (UKCISA). Studying abroad for a lot of these students is a privilege, however it can be a stressful experience for various reasons. There are plenty of challenges, other than language barrier, that these students face, like major culture shock, homesickness, and financial difficulties. One of the most obvious difficulties for an international student is culture shock. Culture shock is the result of moving from an environment that is familiar to one that is not. Adjusting to new food, people, environment and currency is all a part of getting over culture shock. The first element that might contribute to culture shock is adjusting to the climate. A lot of the international students, who are used to a warm sunny climate, might find it hard to adjust to the dampness and greyness of the UK weather, especially during the winter (UKCISA, December 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Problems Faced by International Students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Temperatures could go down to -11 degrees Co, however in the summer it could go up to 35 degrees Co. Their ever-changing unpredictable weather can be tough to adjust to. Another part of culture shock is the social roles of people in the society. Social behaviors may be surprising or offensive depending on where a student is from. For example, living in big cities people may not be as friendly and comfortable if they’re unfamiliar with one another, however people of small towns tend to be more sociable and friendly with each other regardless of the circumstances. This can come off as strange or different to the students coming from all over the world, however adapting to that can facilitate the experience of studying abroad. Transitioning from one lifestyle to another can be a somewhat difficult experience. Although at first, studying abroad might be exciting, when the time comes students may experience homesickness. More than 30% of international students report frequent feelings of homesickness (Kegel, 2009). Homesickness is the feeling of discomfort due to being separated from home. It causes students to be distracted, distressed, and down. It can also affect a student’s academic performance and social life. Those who suffer from homesickness are less likely to continue to the spring term. It was reported that only 83. 7% of international students who suffer severe homesickness continue their education abroad. And those who continue their education may have significant inferences for first-year student success (Darlena Jones, 2012). Another problem that’s faced by international students is their financial instability. Moving from one country to another isn’t an easy transition, and having to adjust to a new currency can be very challenging. Not only that, but also paying for tuition fees and accommodation as well as a daily allowance. Now that tuition fees have increased 20% between 2011 and 2012, it’s difficult for many students to manage and budget their money (Adams, 2013). It is possible that a lot of the students are coming from developing countries and the GBP is very high compared to their currencies back home. A small amount of money in England could be a large amount for an international student. Not only that but also there are many students who have never had to pay taxes in their own countries and are asked to do so in the UK, meaning they have to adjust to having to pay more money than they usually do for the same item they usually buy. A student might think that getting a bank loan or credit card is the way to solve any financial issue, but in fact it does the exact opposite and the student could be in debt for a very long time. The United Kingdom is well known for it’s excellent reputation when it comes to education and that’s why it’s a lot of international student’s first choice. Moving away from their hometowns to study in the UK can be a wonderful opportunity, yet a challenging experience all at the same time. There are numerous problems that they face as it differs from one student. Other than the obvious language barriers, they may experience culture shock as they may be coming from countries on the other side of the world. They may also experience homesickness, and financial problems. Nevertheless it’s possible to find solutions to these difficulties and to adjust to these following problems and enjoying a wonderful education experience abroad.

New Imperialism and Politics 1850 and 1914

Introduction Imperialism refers to the process whereby a country expands its economic, political, and social power through military conquest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Imperialism and Politics 1850 and 1914 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Others perceive imperialism as the exploitation of the indigenous communities whereby a foreign power takes advantage of its advancements in technology and civilization to impose policies and rules to the locals whose forms of life are simple. Such communities exist in simplistic forms whereby there modes of production are traditional. Britain is one of the countries that took advantage of its level of economic and technological developments to invade other states and impose its policies on them. Imperialism first took place when British colonialists invaded the American continent and forced the locals to support their administrations. However, the American Revolution ended the British dominance in the region, forcing the British to look for other alternatives owing to the growing population and the development of industries (Eldridge 36). The American Revolution opened the eyes of British colonialists who noted that mercantilism was an ineffective economic policy since it could easily be affected by political currents. In 1846, the Corn Law repealed all barriers of trade, which opened up the parts of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom was capable of distributing artificial products to most parts of the continent such as Germany and France. Since its dominance was wading, the British government suggested that the state had to reignite its glory by invading other parts of the world, particularly the Asian region and Africa. Between 1950 and 1914, Britain dominated the world because it had a strong source of labor and a stable market. It is noted that new imperialism was characterized by some features, which will be discussed in this article.Adver tising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Features of New Imperialism In 1842, the British invaded China and imposed its policies, including forcing the locals to consume foreign goods. In 1858, new imperialism was felt by even the powerful states such as Japan, which led to the readjustment of regimes. In Japan, the Meiji Period was reinvented whereby the British had full control of production and consumption of goods. All major industries and organizations were controlled by the British during the Meiji Period in Japan. It is therefore noted that the British economic might declined due to the emergence of others, which forced it to engage in imperialism. One of the characteristics of the new imperialism was that Britain was no longer a major economic and political power in the world politics due to the emergence of other powers such as the United States and Germany. The power of Britain to manufact ure finished goods went down after the emergence of Germany and the United States. These new powers gave British firms tough competition (MacKenzie 21). In Europe, Germany posed serious threats while the US dominated the American market. From 1880 to 1913, the economic capability of Britain was in a decline, with a reported GDP decline of a quarter each year. In the food market, British manufacturers could do nothing because of the textile and metal industries established in Germany. Another characteristic of the new imperialism is the long depression, which affected the British to an extent of looking for alternative strategies of economic development. The long depression of 1873 to 1896 is considered one of the greatest in human history. In fact, it is considered the immediate cause of formal colonialism because the British government could not sustain its economy without involving invading other countries. During the depression, firms employed strategies such as forming partnersh ips and amalgamations, which brought about inefficiencies and destabilization of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Imperialism and Politics 1850 and 1914 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The development of new technologies helped in the manufacture of goods and services. Britain was a monopoly in major sectors of the world economy hence the new technology helped it in lowering the costs of production. Unfortunately, there were no sufficient markets to absorb all the manufactured goods. In the domestic market, the country manufactured more than it could be consumed. In the agricultural sector, the United States exported cheap grains, which strained the British farmers since the costs of production were very high in the country. This meant that American goods were favored since they were cheap. A considerable percentage of the European population was predominantly rural meaning that it did not have the purchasing power. Goods produced lacked markets. After 1873, it is established that the long depression affected each state in Europe, forcing the world superpowers such as Britain to think about imperialism. There were many new things in the new imperialism because Britain embarked on banking and shipping as its major source of capital. During the time, there was advent of new trade referred to as the slave trade whereby slaves were shipped from Africa to work in European industries while finished products were transported from where they were less needed to where there was high demand. For instance, cheap finished goods were transported from Europe to Africa while slaves were ferried to the United States. The new trade boosted the economy of the country to an extent that it was able to emerge from the long depression stronger. The long depression affected the economies of a number of states in Europe to an extent of forcing others to close their major industries, which were th e major sources of income. New imperialism era was characterized by cutthroat competition. Britain developed some of the strategies that helped it to outdo others in the market. One of the strategies was capitalizing on the economies of scale whereby firms and industries were encouraged to produce in mass. In this regard, formation of alliances was highly encouraged because it could help in producing in mass.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, formation of partnerships among traders gave them a lobbying power since they would have a higher bargaining power. Since the market was flooded with foreign goods and services, British investors would easily outdo them through joining hands. In 1870, financial houses in London achieved their objectives because they were able to control the industry by successfully boxing out competitors. The investors formed a strong union that helped them a lot in the banking sector. Investors were in control of the economy meaning that the government could never make policies without consulting them. They became an important partner in government since the state acquired loans from them. Business persons were able to break the aristocracy since they controlled the money market while the ruling class simply controlled land. It is reported that the business community was able to control politics in the country through funding of political parties and sponsoring bills in parliament. In oth er words, they were able to achieve whatever they wanted from government. There was a new trend in 1970s because financial holders were able to control the affairs of the state, unlike the industrialists in 1950s, who simply depended on the government for direction. Financial investors were able to influence the formulation of domestic and foreign policy because they pressurized the government to amend policies that took care of their foreign investments. In many parts of Africa, the investors entered into partnerships with African governments, especially in the construction of infrastructure such as railway (Blanken 58). The British government was committed to supporting investment in foreign countries, but the new trends could not allow the government to declare support for its investors. The foreign environment became so hostile to British investors. Egypt is always cited as an example of the places that became so hostile to British. Investors could not continue committing their funds in such places hence they needed government assurances. They forced the government to come up with strict laws that would protect their interests. In fact, the government became so hostile in places they had control. Some scholars of imperialism such as Hobson noted that finance was actually controlling everything in the international system. The historian noted that foreign markets offered high returns because they had large populations as compared to the local markets. The British government was forced to negotiate with foreign independent states because they had cheap labor, adequate markets, and plentiful raw materials. It is concluded in this section that financial interests were the driving force behind new imperialism. The imperialists were able to acquire new markets in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Colonial expansion increased competition among states in Europe because each state wanted to capture its share of the market. It should be understood that Britain viewed African and Asian states in terms markets and sources of labor. The new regions were very fertile and rich of resources. The British scrambled for space in these new regions in order to increase their investments. The new industrial powers such as France and Germany were now in direct competition with Britain in terms of political influence and economic capability. The only solution to the new problem was expanding the territories, which would be achieved through colonialism (Malcolm and Stewart 88). Since the Europe market was flooded with goods from the United States and Europe, acquisition of new territories was the only way out. The economic and political power of Britain was no more. The state had to strategize on how to acquire its lost glory. Some analysts noted at the time that Britain had to acquire secure territories if it were to continue dominating the world. It was perceived that other states could still acquire new territories hence it was critical for Britain to do i t first. If other states acquired new territories before Britain, the power of Britain could be reduced further. British imperialists observed that formal colonialism was the only way because the state was losing economically and politically to other states such as Germany, the United States, and France. In France and Germany, there were protectionist policies whereby companies were given economic protection to enable them to grow. It was very difficult for British investors to penetrate. Some scholars note that Britain moved to secure new territories in Africa and Asian mainly because of its weakened political and economic power. Such scholars refute claims that Britain acquired new territories to strengthen its power in the world (Darwin 69). Others countries in the world, such as Germany and the United States, adopted protectionist policies while Britain embraced a free market economy. This was extremely dangerous because it could not resort to protectionist policies given the fa ct that it had a number of investments in other countries. Britain could not develop further because of the trade policies that gave undue advantage to other states. In early 1900s, Chamberlain tried to come up with some economic policies, which included Tariff Reform, failed because the state embraced free market economy. The prime minister tried to impose new taxes on imported goods, but the policy could not be adopted since the country was already in agreement with other states. Therefore, the only way to protect trade links and the country’s economy was through the adoption of new imperialist ideas. Conclusion Imperialism entails invading another society and imposing policies that are inconsistent with the local culture. It can be concluded that Britain made a decision to adopt new imperialism mainly because of its declining political and economic power. A country is unable to influence the decisions at the global level if its economic and political power is below par. Th e emergence of other states such as the United States, France, and Germany threatened the economic power of Britain. Britain had to come with a strategy that would help it regain its lost glory. This would not be achieved through expanding markets in the European region since the market was already flooded. Therefore, the only way to invade other societies in order to acquire raw materials, access markets, and acquire cheap labor. Works Cited Blanken, Leo. Rational Empires: Institutional Incentives and Imperial Expansion. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2012. Print. Darwin, John. After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–200. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. Print. Eldridge, Can. British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1984. Print. MacKenzie, John M. Imperialism and Popular Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986. Print. Malcolm, Pearce, and Stewart, Geoffrey. British Political History 1867-1990. New York: Routledg e, 2002. Print. This essay on New Imperialism and Politics 1850 and 1914 was written and submitted by user Teagan E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hiroshima Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Hiroshima Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, little boy on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any

Air shippers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Air shippers - Essay Example The manufacturers are thus faced by with the challenges of the fluctuations of the market making the manufacturers to improve and change their production schedules. Similarly, they have been compelled to increase the amount and level of inventory while at the same time lower and limit the unforeseen expenses or expenditures. The miscellaneous expenditure which may not have been factored in during the initial cost budgeting. A specific attention and focus is given to producers in the electrical and electronic companies. The air transport has come as a remedy in this case and instance because it is critical to ensure that the goods are transported from one part to another. For instance, the goods which would otherwise take weeks from China would now take lesser times in terms of days. This is to say that the air shippers have made the delivery of products to the final consumers to be relatively faster. For instance, a product from an American factory would faster reach its final consum ers in faraway country, due to air transport-or the air shippers(Chatfield & Bjà ¸rn, 1997). The airship owners are strategically positioned in terms of ownership of the vital connection points, thus by fact and extension reducing the supply chain in terms of time and cost.   

What are the key opportunities for the hotel sector to engage with Essay

What are the key opportunities for the hotel sector to engage with management consultants - Essay Example For making its business operation effective and efficient these hospitality companies hire management consultants for its different departments of its hotel business. Management consultant in hotel companies acts as a counsellor. The consultants provide expertise opinion about hotel operations, management and other professional activities. They provide guidance in various business matters for the development of the company. They analyze all the data hotel and builds strategies according to the situations. The management consultants make effective decisions in maximum utilization of the available resources of the company. High quality of consultancy services improves the business productivity and operations of hotels. They focus on various problems of the company and create a road map for achieving success by solving those problems. To expand and to gain competitive advantage a hotel can tap into several opportunity areas which can provide it strategic advantage. Although the hotels c an identify the opportunity areas in which it can develop itself, it will require the help of a management consultant to actually help it achieve its goal. The management consultant can help the hotel group by providing expert help in a particular area of concern. So the hotel industry in particular may have to hire several management consultants with each of them having expertise in a particular key area. For example for accessing opportunities in the technological area the hotel may seek the help of a technical consultant and for helping in human resource area the hotel may hire a consultant in the human resource field. In this report various key opportunities that the hotel industry can focus on and use the services of management consultants are elaborated. Some of these opportunities involve human capital, expansion in newer market segments, improving the service quality, technology, sustainability, online business etc. The hotel may hire the

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Critical thinking - Essay Example This is the best motivational technique that a parent can use, because it is natural for children to behave in a certain way when their behavior is appreciated with a reward. The term coined by B.F. Skinner, negative reinforcement is a kind of motivational technique that aims at repetition of a certain behavior, by the removal of aversive stimuli. An aversive stimulus is some sort of physical or mental discomfort. A response or behavior is strengthened when an individual knows that he will escape a negative outcome. My mother has always told me to clean up the mess in my room before I leave for school. She has, at times, yelled at me when I left my room untidy. So, I knew that I have to clean up my room in order to escape the anger of my mother. In this example, my mom’s anger was the negative reinforce or the negative outcome, which I avoided by correcting my behavior. Consider a student whose mobile phone rings up when he is attending his favorite math class. His teacher reprimands him in front of his classmates, and gives a lecture on bad effects of using mobile phones during lectures. Since the student feels ashamed in front of his peers, he powers off his phone, and makes up his mind to always switch it off during lectures. This way, his negative behavior is weakened by positive punishment. Negative punishment involves taking away of some expected and desired outcome after a negative behavior is shown. Negative punishment is also intended for weakening the negative behavior, so that it does not happen again in future. I remember myself fighting with my little brother over a video game. He wanted to play it first, while I was saying that since it was my idea, so I should play it first. We started yelling at each other, while each of us snatching the DVD from the other. My mom came in, and with an angry look, took the DVD away with her in the kitchen, and hid it somewhere. This is an example of taking away a desired object with the

Implementation Of Cloud Computing Inside College Campus Information Technology Essay

Implementation Of Cloud Computing Inside College Campus Information Technology Essay CLOUD COMPUTING can represent a unique opportunity to  reduce the costs associated with infrastructure  and can help to accomplish achieve ever greater levels of efficiencies. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable.In this paper we discuss on implementing a cloud computing platform that enables Software as a Service (SaaS) to provide a closed box execution environment that guarantees remote execution of programs in a Local Area Network.Inside a college,students can make use of the cloud resources available online, through a simple web interface. INTRODUCTION: Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure,offering services on demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. The location of physical resources and devices being accessed are typically not known to the end user. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications on the cloud, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. DEFINITION: A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can: Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive, user-facing applications Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING: CLOUD COMPUTING can represent a unique opportunity to  reduce the costs associated with infrastructure  and can help to accomplish achieve ever greater levels of importantefficiencies. These efficiencies can include not only cost reduction, but also improved access to resources and essential data. The determination as to whether cloud computing services are a good match for your particular business will of course depend the  size of your enterprise, its general needs and your overall sales goals.   Cloud computing, typically entails: High scalability Cloud environments enable servicing of business requirements for larger audiences,through high scalability. Agility The cloud works in the distributed mode environment. It shares resources among users and tasks, while improving efficiency and agility (responsiveness). High availability and reliability Availability of servers is high and more reliable as the chances of infrastructure failure are minimal. Multi-sharing With the cloud working in a distributed and shared mode, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure. Virtual service Virtual servers seek to encapsulate the server software away from the hardware This includes the OS, the applications, and the storage for that server.Servers end up as mere files stored on a physical box, or in enterprise storage.A virtual server can be serviced by one or more hosts, and one host may house more than one virtual server. Virtual servers can be scaled out easily.If the administrators find that the resources supporting a virtual server are being taxed too much, they can adjust the amount of resources allocated to that virtual server.Server templates can be created in a virtual environment to be used to create multiple, identical virtual servers.Virtual servers themselves can be migrated from host to host almost at will. NEED FOR CLOUD: As an end user, cloud computing lets you run software applications and access data from any place and time, and from any computer; without the need to ever install, upgrade, troubleshoot software applications physically on a local desktop or server. This is one of the most important elements of cloud computing, and why it has become so popular today. In a sense, cloud computing outsources the technical hassles to someone else. It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side You wouldnt need a large hard drive because youd store all your information on a remote computer. Cloud computing gives the option of storing data on someone elses hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end. CLOUD COMPUTING CHARACTERISTICS: Because cloud computing is related to a number of other technologies, it is best defined by the presence of a number of characteristics. These represent ideals that people want for the applications that run on the cloud: Incremental Scalability: Cloud environments allow users to access additional compute resources on-demand in response to increased application loads. Agility: As a shared resource, the cloud provides flexible, automated management to distribute the computing resources among the clouds users. Reliability and Fault-Tolerance:Cloud environments take advantage of the built-in redundancy of the large numbers of servers that make them up by enabling high levels of availability and reliability for applications that can take advantage of this. Service-oriented: The cloud is a natural home for service-oriented applications, which need a way to easily scale as services get incorporated into other applications. Utility-based: Users only pay for the services they use, either by subscription or transaction-based models. Shared: By enabling IT resources to be consolidated, multiple users share a common infrastructure, allowing costs to be more effectively managed without sacrificing the security of each users data. SLA-driven: Clouds are managed dynamically based on service-level agreements that define policies like delivery parameters, costs, and other factors. APIs: Because clouds virtualize resources as a service they must have an application programming interface (API). TYPES OF CLOUD: Public Cloud A public cloud is one based on the standard cloud computing model, in which a service provider makes resources, such as applications and storage, available to the general public over the Internet. Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model. The main benefits of using a public cloud service are: Easy and inexpensive set-up because hardware, application and bandwidth costs are covered by the provider. Scalability to meet needs. No wasted resources because you pay for what you use. The term public cloud arose to differentiate between the standard model and the private cloud, which is a proprietary network or data center that uses cloud computing technologies, such a virtualization. A private cloud is managed by the organization it serves. A third model, the hybrid cloud, is maintained by both internal and external providers. Examples of public clouds include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), IBMs Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, Google AppEngine and Windows Azure Services Platform. Hybrid cloud A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment in which an organization provides and manages some resources in-house and has others provided externally. Although cloud computing is often said to be the future of the industry, the hybrid model is more prevalent for a number of reasons. Large enterprises often already have substantial investments in the infrastructure required to provide resources in-house. Furthermore, many organizations would prefer to keep sensitive data under their own control to ensure security. Private cloud This cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organizations benefits. These are also called internal clouds. They are built primarily by IT departments within enterprises who seek to optimize utilization of infrastructure resources within the enterprise by provisioning the infrastructure with applications using the concepts of grid and virtualization. Advantages They improve average server utilization, allow usage of low-cost servers and hardware while providing higher efficiencies; thus reducing the costs that a greater number of servers would otherwise entail High levels of automation, reducing operations costs and administrative overheads Common Services. Some products offer Internet-based services-such as storage, middleware, collaboration, and database capabilities-directly to users. SaaS. Software-as-a-service products provide a complete, turnkey application-including complex programs such as those for CRM or enterprise-resource management-via the Internet. PaaS. Platform-as-a-service products offer a full or partial development environment that users can access and utilize online, even in collaboration with others. IaaS. Infrastructure-as-a-service products deliver a full computer infrastructure via the Internet. CLOUD WITHIN CAMPUS: When the concept of cloud computing is applied to  web hosting, the result can be a technology that lets users scale resources on the fly, and make  changes according to usage and the particular needs  of the enterprise in real time. Thus, as your traffic fluctuates, the  hosting package  can be adjusted to ensure maximum efficiency and minimum waste. This flexibility allows  businesses  to reduce overhead by only investing in the hosting power they actually need, without incurring downtime or overage charges by driving servers beyond capacity.Instead of getting individual cluster for each and every deparment in our college ,We propose that cloud power can be utilised according to their need by hosting the service in local LAN of college SPECIFICATION: TYPE OF CLOUD: PRIVATE CLOUD Private cloud is implemented within college campus thereby enabling students to Execute complex jobs inside college. Reduce the cost of getting higher-end machines. Avoid wastage of resources through sharing of computing resources. Provide transparency to users. SERVICES PROVIDED: SaaS (Software as a Service) Our web interface application is hosted as a service provided to students belonging to various departments inside college. WORKING OF COMPONENTS: Figure : PHASES: Program submission. Upload program to database server. Processing inside cloud. Return result to client browser. PROGRAM SUBMISSION(FRONT END): The student can submit complex programs like MPI from anywhere inside the local area network through the browser.The programs are entered through the HTML front end on the client browser as shown in the screen shot below UPLOAD PROGRAM TO DATABASE SERVER: Tomcat can be used to implement a java servlet that uploads the program based on user input..Tomcat serves as a back-end which handles requests passed to it from a general purpose web server such as Apache. PROCESSING INSIDE CLOUD: The uploaded program is shared among the nodes.On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the cloud of computing services. The MPI specification allows users to create portable libraries that can take advantage of multiple processors to provide high performance. An increasing number of implementations covering most common platforms are becoming available.MPI is well-suited to a range of environments and can function using multiple processors in a single high-performance computer as well as across a network of lower-powered machines. For complex programs like MPI programs, once the user submits the job, the user will be prompted to enter the number of nodes required by the user for the computation. Thus the user is given the priviledge to choose the number of nodes After job submission, the agent, starts running automatically.It is the component running on the worker nodes. Initially, it has to determine the local system parameters that are essential for job selection and execution.These are the installed memory, the CPU architecture, the availability of some runtime environments and the operating system. It starts the working loop with a query to the server for a job.If the server responds with the copy of the file to be executed, the agent downloads the specified files. The agent starts the job with low operating system process priority and waits for its completion.During the execution,it periodically contacts the server to submit the heartbeat. When the job is finished without any error, all result files and the standard/error out data are uploaded to the server. If all the files are transferred successfully, a final commit is sent to the server.Then and only then, the job is accepted as successfully done and the agent proceeds by waiting for the next job from the server. RETURN RESULT TO CLIENT BROWSER: The computed results are sent back to the client browser. Screenshot: IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS:    Programming language Used: Java    Web Server Used: Apache-tomcat 5.5    Automation of execution is done using: Shell script    Web interface Request Handler: Servlet      Front end: HTML    Database Connector: libmysql-java (jdbc driver for mysql)    Back-end: Mysql 5.0.51a-24 ADVANTAGES: Reduced Cost: Each department need not invest in buying separate servers.The cloud technology will supplement clusters at each department with a single powerful server for all purposes. Increased Storage Sutdents can store more data than on private computer systems.Thus individual computers need not be high-end powerful machines. Highly Automated  The work of compilation and execution will be completely automated. Flexibility Cloud computing offers much more flexibility than past computing methods because a number of services are provided to the user just with a machine and a browser. More Mobility   Students can access server resources wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks. CONCLUSION: Cloud computing is the big wave in computing. It has many benefits, such as better hardware management, since all the computers are the same and run the same hardware. It also provides for  better and easier management of data. Thus implementing cloud within a college campus will definitely help in all means.

The Importance of Judicial Review Essay -- American Government Constit

By creating a Constitution, it is assumed that the people are going to agree to it as the law of the land. The Supreme Court is responsible for upholding the Constitution by interpreting the laws for the benefit of the people. The justices would be violating their oath if they were to oblige this obligation. If the Constitution were not the law of the land, why would it exist? This is the justification for judicial review, or the right of the court to declare legislative or executive unconstitutional. The Constitution states in article III, section 2 that, â€Å"The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority.† (Shafritz and Weinberg 16). Therefore, Judicial review is an implied power that determines whether or not legislation is constitutional and is necessary for the protection of the Constitutional rights of the people. The judiciary is not a representation of a particular party as it is in the legislative and executive branches. Although justices belong to different parties and they may have views determined by their political beliefs, the role of a justice is to carefully determine and interpret laws based on the Constitution. To do this, they must provide legitimate reason to defend their decisions and therefore, judicial review is beneficial for a successful nation. As a result of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court found that it did not have jurisdiction over the case and therefore could not issue a writ of mandamus. This is the first instance of judicial review by the Supreme Court. Regarding judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in his opinion that, â€Å"It is empha... ...es his point by saying that it does not specify the extent of those powers. Personally, I believe that judicial review is a necessity in order to preserve the constitution. Thus, I disagree with Gibson’s opinion. Although I understand the content of his words and why he believes them, but I think a very specific power such as judicial review is necessary to check the other branches. The judiciary cannot abuse the power but the legislative and executive branches can create laws that are abusive to the powers given to them by the constitution. This is why judicial review is a necessity. Works Cited Epstein, Lee, and Walker, Thomas. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: CQ, 2007 Shafritz, Jay M., and Lee S. Weinberg. Classics in American Government. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. The Importance of Judicial Review Essay -- American Government Constit By creating a Constitution, it is assumed that the people are going to agree to it as the law of the land. The Supreme Court is responsible for upholding the Constitution by interpreting the laws for the benefit of the people. The justices would be violating their oath if they were to oblige this obligation. If the Constitution were not the law of the land, why would it exist? This is the justification for judicial review, or the right of the court to declare legislative or executive unconstitutional. The Constitution states in article III, section 2 that, â€Å"The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority.† (Shafritz and Weinberg 16). Therefore, Judicial review is an implied power that determines whether or not legislation is constitutional and is necessary for the protection of the Constitutional rights of the people. The judiciary is not a representation of a particular party as it is in the legislative and executive branches. Although justices belong to different parties and they may have views determined by their political beliefs, the role of a justice is to carefully determine and interpret laws based on the Constitution. To do this, they must provide legitimate reason to defend their decisions and therefore, judicial review is beneficial for a successful nation. As a result of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court found that it did not have jurisdiction over the case and therefore could not issue a writ of mandamus. This is the first instance of judicial review by the Supreme Court. Regarding judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in his opinion that, â€Å"It is empha... ...es his point by saying that it does not specify the extent of those powers. Personally, I believe that judicial review is a necessity in order to preserve the constitution. Thus, I disagree with Gibson’s opinion. Although I understand the content of his words and why he believes them, but I think a very specific power such as judicial review is necessary to check the other branches. The judiciary cannot abuse the power but the legislative and executive branches can create laws that are abusive to the powers given to them by the constitution. This is why judicial review is a necessity. Works Cited Epstein, Lee, and Walker, Thomas. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: CQ, 2007 Shafritz, Jay M., and Lee S. Weinberg. Classics in American Government. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.